Einstein created a theory of everything. He died before he could finish his thoughts and completing his theory. String theory says reality meets science fiction. It could have 11 dimensions and parallel universes right next to our own. The universe is like a grand symphony creating a magical sound. We are picking up where einstein left off for unification. THE MASTER EQUATION. Unification is where it's at. At the age of 26 einstein discovered the velocity of light is constant. Einstein embarked on a ten year mission to find the answer of what will happen to earth when the sun explodes. General relatively is what made Einstein a star. He then set out to bring electric magnetics and the idea of gravity together. Einstein really wanted to know the "mind of God" He wanted to know everything. So therefore he looked for a master equation. Which was gravity and electromagnetism. The electro magnetic force is billions of times stronger then gravity so combining them was very unlikely. Not to far into his beginning of this equation he got very sick. There wasn't a theory of atoms and how they worked. Physicists were lost at the idea. Until the late 1920s when they discovered quantum mechanics. They believed there was no way to predict the universe. Every outcome happens. In parallel universes so no matter what decision you make the opposite will always happen. There is a chance to go through a completely solid object. According to quantum mechanics. Einstein use to say "God doesn't throw dice". No one could understand how to put quantum mechanics and gravity together. Most of Eisntein's colleges said this theory was misguided and impossible. Everything in the universe is made of tiny pieces of energy called strings.
-the universe is based on two different laws that don’t agree -strings are tiny bits of energy resulting in multiple dimensions -unification: the formulation of a law that describes every idea from a master equation -Newton came up with gravity: relating heavens to earth -Newton had no idea how gravity actually worked though he knew the strength of it -nothing could go faster than the speed of light -it takes 8 minutes for the suns light to reach the earth -4d space time warp like a trampoline heavy things make a dent --general relativity -James Clark Maxwell the relationship between electricity and magnification was direct in unification: 4 mathematical equations that unified electricity and magnification in a single force called electromagnetism -Einstein was not able to relate gravity and electromagnetism -everything we can see are atoms that contain negative electrical charge electromagnetism, billions and billions time stronger than gravity -atoms contained neutrons and protons surrounded by electrons, a group of scientists found this out and Einstein’s unification idea was turned on its head -quantum mechanics shattered all other theories, the world is a game of chance, uncertainty rules, the best you can do is predict the probability of one outcome or another -if they were noticeable you would think you lost your mind no direct order only chances of each -Einstein would say to this, “God would not throw dice” but quantum mechanics does describe how the world works at a subatomic level -Einstein was never able to relate gravity and electromagnetism and as his colleagues had already disagreed with the idea, no one carried on the project -black holes originated in 1916 -string theory says everything is related in this energy
This video is about string theory. String theory is the idea that everything in the universe is made out of tiny vibrating strings of energy. Unification is the formulation of one master equation that combines every physics equation into one. This all started from newtons first law about gravity. Einstein rewrote the laws of gravity, as thought space time were one eternity. Gravity is the warping of the space time fabric. This was called general relativity. His next equation was to combine electromagnetism and his new idea of gravity. String theory is one master equation for every scientific laws. Gravity is actually very weak compared to electromagnetism, therefore it was very difficult to connect the two ideas. Quantum machinists was the next theory to describe the universe. This was the idea that the universe is uncertain, everything is based on chance, and nothing is predictable. Gravity did not coexists with quantum mechanics. No one could combine these two ideas, that ment that one of these ideas was wrong. When the two ideas are used at the same time the products don't make sense this doesn't work because the universe makes sense.
*String theory -multiple universes -11 dimensions -vibrating strands of energy -master equation -unification -warping of space time causes us to feel gravity -Electromagnetism is a lot stronger than gravity -
It has gained a new dimension, it has grown and become more intricate. What today's science is doing is trying to explain the un-explainable. They finished Einsteins equation FOR EVERYTHING. There was 4 chellos instead of just 1. We are trying to put it all together, all the things we know into one super equation. Einsteins and Newtons theories didn't fit together. General Relativity gave a new idea behind gravity and how it worked. Hi Mrs. Marron. Einstein wanted to unify G and EM. Wanted to see the entire picture rather than just a part of it. EM is billions of times stronger than G. Found protons, neutrons, and electrons and didn't know how to make sense of them until they came up with quantum mechanics. Quantum Mechanics said that you can only predict the chance of something occurring. It says that everything can occur and every thing that has a chance occurs somewhere. Quantum physics found Strong nuclear force and also weak nuclear force. Needed to put Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. You have to use both theories for black holes because it is small but heavy. String theory can be the thing to add them together.
Notes: -the theory to sum up all theories -everything is connected by strings of energy -picking up where Einstein left off, to unify all laws of physics in one unified idea -"unification is where it's at" -Newton unified earth and space in the theory of gravity -Newton's equations were all that were needed for plotting the moon landing trip -Einstein made the first theory of what gravity is -anything that outruns light is impossible (Newton was wrong) -Einstein imagined the idea of spacetime -spacetime theory=objects following the curves of spacetime fabric -new theory was called general relativity -Einstein tried then to combine general relativity with electromagnetism -speed of gravity is the same as the speed of light -every atom has a shell of a negative charge, so when things collide, they are repelled and that is what makes a collision -can only predict chance of occurrences, not the definite outcome -multiverse theory is the same as string theory? -you could theoretically walk through a wall, but the chance of it is unbelievably small -strong nuclear force is used in atomic bombs -weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactivity -now trying to combine the general relativity with quantum mechanics -theory of black hole put together with theory of general relativity -black holes need to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity -string theory may be the answer to combining these ideas
-Gravity is first force to be understood scientifically -Newton had no idea how gravity actually worked - was unknown for 200 years -Albert Einstein find the velocity of light to be a cosmic speed limit, but did not agree with Newton’s ideas on gravity - Nothing could outrun light, Newton’s ideas were wrong - Einstein thought of three dimensions of space, and one dimension of time as one fabric of space - “General Relativity” - Einstein sought to combine gravity and electromagnetism - James Clarke Maxwell tried to find connection between electricity and magnetism - electromagnetism - String Theory - to unify our understanding of everything in one set of master equations - EM force is billions and billions times stronger than FG - Bohr and other groups of scientists found new ideas of how tiny bits of matter react in the atom - old theories did not apply - Scientists developed new theory - Quantum Mechanics - Einstein's theory demands that universe is predictable - Best you can do in Quantum Mechanics is predict what the probability of something happening - Don’t realize how strange things are in quantum world - Particles can pass through something solid, but probability is so low it just does not happen - Quantum Mechanics is accurate - unlocks reasons for why atoms behave in the way they do - Two more forces: Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces - Role of Quantum Mechanics play no role in Einstein’s later research into master equation - By time of his death, no search for master equation/unification - Black hole warps space time fabric - do you use general relativity or quantum mechanics? You cannot avoid using both of them together; you need unification to find answers
Has the essence of physics changed over the last century?
-String theory: Everything in the universe is made from tiny energy called strings :VIbrate in a multitude of different ways :Our goal today for the string theory is to unify our understanding of everything under one master equation -May have found a way to unite theory of large and small in all places -Gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear forces, and Quantum mechanics -Unification: Formulation of a law that describes everything in the universe under one equation -Force that made apple fall to the ground is the same force that draws the move toward the earth -Fruit and planets=similar -Isaac Newton -Thought we would feel immediate feeling of sun’s destruction (we would leave our solar system/orbit) -Didn’t know how gravity actually worked though -Age 26 Einstein figured out that velocity of light is a speed limit that nothing can succeed -Contradicted Newton’s theory -Unified fabric (looks like a net) is warped and stretched by heavy objects like planets and this warping creates what we feel is gravity -Believes that if sun destructed we wouldn’t feel change from the sun until this wave of unified fabric reached us -New picture of gravity called general relativity -Electromagnetism: Morse code is an example of it -James Clark Maxwell: Relationship b/w electricity and magnetism (Compass when there is lighting switches directions) -Four mathematical equations that unified electricity and magnetism under single force called electromagnetism -Electromagnetism Atoms that contain an electrical negative charge that repels positive atoms. Sidewalks, with its electromagnetism, can resist the entire earth’s gravity and keep the man from falling through the sidewalk To achieve a single equation for all of the forces in the world, Einstein believed the relationship and unification of electromagnetism and gravity was necessary Theories of Einstein and Maxwell useless when trying to explain the tiny particles moving around inside the atom Late 1920s, scientist discovered Quantum Mechanics Neal Spore? Everything ruled by chance; particular probability Suggests that each of the possibilities may actually happen but that are parallel to our universe (Making orange juice) The impossible can happen (Particles can pass through walls or barriers) but probability is so small, especially for humans Never a prediction of it that contradicted observation Discovered 2 new forces Strong/Weak nuclear force Where does gravity fit in? All three other forces fit in except for the force of gravity Einstein 1933 fled Nazi, Germany for Princeton, New Jersey At his death, no many physicists interested in quest for unification of gravity, nuclear forces, Quantum mechanics, and electromagnetism Karl Schwarzschild Proposed the idea of what we call black holes Concentration of a very dense mass (ie black hole) will effect solar system so severely that not even light could resist its power Today, his theory now seems to be reality
string theory is accepted by some but not all. volks waggon sponsors this movie brian greene studied at columbia Einstein made the theory of everything but died before he finished. combine all the equations to create one theory we may be living in a reality where we meet scifi twelve different demensions all parallel to each other everything of the universe is made from strings, vibrating things of energy can't teach physics to a dog unification would be one master equation because they all seem to focus on one idea unification is where it's at unification started with newton and his laws of gravity. newton unified celestial and terrestrial newton had dark secrets einstein concluded what gravity was v of light is a high speed that nothing can surpass it.not even gravity newton thought that gravity was instantaneous einstein concluded that it is not ^^^^ einstein made the space time with three ds of time and one d of space space time creates what we feel as gravity. the earth follows curves created bt the space time fabric the ripples travel at the speed of light gravity is warps and curves in the space time fabric electricity and magnitism are closely related. since a compass is magnetic, it does funky things during a lightning storm everything can be written in four equations einstein wanted to combine theory of gravity with electro magnitism to create master equation. this drives the string theory electro magnitism is made of atoms and the outer shell is negitive. when two things collide, the negitive charges repell and keep you from falling to the center EM force is stronger than g bohr and others created the theory that the nuclius of atoms is smaller and what holds them all together. g and em were inefficient to solve this answer^^^^ quantum mechanics described microsopic phenomina in qm, it depends on predictability, nothing was set in stone like einstein said other outcomes might not happen in out universe but it might happen in parallel ones the probability of walking through a wall is slim but there is a chance! quantum mechanics is for looking at things on an atomic level g, em, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force the nuclear bomb is released when taking apart the strong and weak forces g doesn't coexist with em s and w. g is too different is gravity is supposed to apply everywhere and qm applies everywhere, there cant be two everywheres, schwartzsheild made theory for black holes must use g bc its heavy but must use qm bc its small but still they get fuzzy when combined different ways the strings wiggle or different notes mean a different particle string theory is supposed to unify things strings are so small, you cant ever see one.
Notes -Einstein worked for his last two decades trying to come up with an equation, later to be thought of as string theory -string theory: everything in the universe is made up of small strings -can't teach physics to a dog -on quest for unification (law that combines everything in the universe with one equation) -unification is where it's at -unification began with newton, when he saw an apple fall from a tree: unified heavens and earth with the concept of gravity -Einstein thought about light and figured out gravity and that light is the fastest thing ever -newton thought planets would fly out of orbit if sun exploded -einstein said no cause light is faster than gravity -einstein proved his theory and became an international superstar -electricity and magnetism are related -maxwell wished to prove this with the power of math -thus creating electromagnetism -goal of string theory: to unify our understanding of everything in the universe -gravity is weaker than electromagnetism - difficult to link them together -everything is made of atoms surrounded by negative electric charge -scientists in 1920's overshadowed einstein by discovering what was inside the atom -they then theorized quantum mechanics: the world is a game of chance, everything is uncertain -the strange and bizarre are typical in quantum -einstein resisted this theory -scientists discovered strong and weak nuclear force -quantum physics cannot connect with gravity -black holes proposed by soldier in WW1 -string theory may be the unity of all the forces -strings are so tiny they may not ever be able to be seen
string theory says everything is made of small rings of energy called strings unification is the formulation of every law into one master equation the velo of light is a cosmic speed limit that nothing can exceed Newton though gravity was instantaneous Einstein disagreed and knew it wasn't instantaneous earth follows curves in spacial fabric general relativity is the name given to this phenomenon electromagnetism discovered and unified by Maxwell Einstein wanted to unify gravity and electromagnetic equation atoms make up electromagnetism electromagnetism is much stronger than gravity quantum mechanics suggest there is a specific probability that something may or may not happen 1930s nuclear force was discover (strong and weak) gravity cannot be defined in quantum mechanics no way to combine general relativity and quantum physics Schwartziel proposed idea of black hole when a large mass in a confined area creates huge gravitational suction that not even light can escape strings are so small there is no hope of seeing nor testing one
-String theory: 11 parallel universes each made up of various strings -Unification is the formulation of a law that acts as one master equation of everything the universe is made up of. It is what modern physics is trying to achieve -Gravity unified the celestial and the terrestrial. It was the first force to be discovered scientifically -Einstein pointed out the flaws in Newton's idea of gravity. He said it was warps and curves in the makeup of space and time. He called this general relativity -Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism in four simple equations. -Einstein wanted to unify the law of gravity with electromagnetism -The electromagnetic force is billions of times greater than the force of gravity -gravity and electromagnetism were insufficient in explaining how the particles inside an atom work. Quantum mechanics explained this phenomenon -Quantum mechanics, and the world it suggested went completely against what we new about our universe. The world of quantum mechanics says there is no certainty, that with everything there is simply a chance that something with happen. -to understand quantum mechanics you need to completely give up the understanding you think you have of the world -Unlike common belief, in the 1930s it was discovered that gravity and electromagnetism were not the only forces -Einstein's law of gravity does not fit with the other laws of quantum mechanics -When Einstein died, in the years to follow, physics split into two different categories, one being quantum mechanics and the other general relativity -can't test string theory because strings are too small to ever see. If you cannot prove it the way other scientific discoveries have been proven, then it is not science, its theory.
Notes: - Einstein spent his final years working on the "Theory of Everything" = combining all laws into one theory - String theory says we may live in a universe with 11 dimension and have parallel universes -String theory = subatomic tiny strings of energy make up everything - YOU CANT TEACH PHYSICS TO A DOG - Unification could join all laws and equations to a single equation - Physics is breaking down greater concepts into simpler and simpler laws and patterns - Newton didn't know how gravity actually worked - Einstein said C was a cosmic speed limit - "If Newton is wrong, why do the planets stay up?" - 4 Dimension = space time fabric - Gravity = warped curves of space time fabric - Electricity and Magnetism are connected - Einstein really wants to know the mind of God (the entire picture) - that's why he wanted unification of gravity and electromagnetism - Because gravity and light move at the same speed, unification seemed natural - Electromagnetism is stronger than gravity - Bohr and his group of scientists discovered the atom was made of subatomic particles - Bohr believed that the world can't be certified or predicted, only the chance; Einstein's theories made the world orderly and predictable - Quantum world is a crazy world - Chances all occur - ones that we don't see happen in alternate universes - 2 new quantum forces: Strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force - Nuclear bombs are the destruction of strong nuclear force bonds - Radiation is weak nuclear force - Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity are nearly impossible to combine - Swartzschield theorized the black hole - do you use quantum mechanics or general relativity? IS String theory philosophy or physics?
Notes: -Einstein had a goal of unification (String Theory) -String theory says we live in a reality that meets science fictions (parallel universe) *tiny strands of energy* -You can't teach physics to a dog -Unification: can explain the universe using one equation -Newton unified heaven and earth -Einstein actually figured out how gravity works -Einstein proves Newton wrong -it takes 8 minutes for the sun's rays to get to Earth -three dimensions of space and one dimension of time equals SPACE TIME -warped curves feel like gravity -new picture of gravity: now called general relativity -electricity and magnetism demanded unification (the result was electromagnetism) -Maxwell was closer to cracking the code to the universe -Maxwell found 4 equations to explain all of electromagnetism -Einstein wants to combine gravity and electromagnetism to get ONE big equation that explains all -Einstein was slowly left in the dust, because people started thinking about physics differently -The discovery of the nucleus inside an atom challenged the validity of Maxwell's thinking -Quantum Mechanics: radical enough to change all of the thinking about physics that were previously accepted -Bohr said it was a game of chance -The laws in the quantum world are much different than the laws in the world we live in -In the quantum cafe, there are no definite outcomes -In the quantum world, they walk through walls -Einstein believes the universe operates in a predictable way -Quantum mechanics explains how things work at a subatomic level -Gravity and electromagnetism aren't the only forces present in the universe -By breaking the protons and neutrons bonds, an atomic explosion will occur -when Einstein died, it seemed the quest for unification between relativity and electromagnetism also died -Quantum mechanics and general relativity seemed nearly impossible to combine -To talk about black holes, you have to use both theories, and you get a nonsensical result, which is incorrect -tiny, vibrating strands of energy make up different particles which is how all of the theories connect
-string theory controversial -all things made from very small strings of energy -eintsteins theory callanges newton -says speed of gravity cant be faster then light- -einstain fins how to explain gravity -says gravity is same speed as light -maxwell unites electric and magnetism to electro-magnetism -end goal is to make master equation -gravity is billions of times weaker than electromagnetism -weak nuclear responsible for radiation -em, sn, wn, g -
Notes: There's the possibility that there are multiple dimensions in the universe. String Theory isn't fully accepted yet. Einstein was trying to create a theory where all the different equations were combined in order to explain the mechanics of all physics, or the theory of everything. Reality meets science fiction. 12 dimensions. Everything is "vibrating energy" like a string. Unification: the combination of all equations and theories into one idea. Can't teach physics to a dog. Newton thought gravity was instantaneous, but Einstein proved this wrong. Space time creates "gravity" when the Earth follows curves created by the space time fabric. This was known as the theory of relativity. Everything can be explained in 4 equations. Velocity of light is as fast as anything can go in the universe. Einstein wasn't satisfied though: He wanted to combine Electromagnetism and Gravity into one theory. This idea drives String Theory. Nucleus is smaller, but EM holds cells together. EM is MUCH stronger than gravity. Neither gravity nor EM by themselves can explain this theory. Quantum mechanics go even deeper, examining very microscopic events on molecular and subatomic levels. Quantum mechanics completely relies on probability, nothing is certain. Multiple things might be happening in multiple dimensions. Einstein didn't agree at all with QM. G and EM aren't the only forces in the universe. There's also strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. Schwartzshield made a theory about black holes. Both gravity and quantum mechanics have to coexist in black holes, so we know that they work together in some form. Different particles are made by the different ways the strings vibrate. If proven right, string theory will unify everything.
-Sting theory has 11 demensions -They are trying to find a master equation -Einstein proved Newton wrong -Nothing can travel faster than light -Einstein died when trying to find master equation -The goal of string theory is to find the master equation -EM force is greater than Gravity -There is a possibility that anything can happen -Einstein didn't like quantum mechanics -There are strong and weak forces along with Gravity and EM -Black holes have to combine all of the forces -Black holes absore light -light cant escape black holes
String Theory - Parallel Universes - 11 dimensions Everything made comes from one unit called strings that vibrate in different ways (unification). Different theories keep leading to the same place that makes it seem like one universal theory makes sense. It started with Newton making his theory of gravity as the first known force, which lead to 3 more forces known in the universe. Einstein started working with light that lead to the piece that Newton did not have (how it works). It was Einstein saying that nothing moves faster than light that proved Newton wrong. Then he came up with is space-time theory. Gravity waves travels at the speed of light, so if the sun disappeared, we wouldn’t know for about 8 minutes. Einstein’s next step was magnetism.Another scientist, Maxwell before Einstein came up with electricity and magnetism working together. He found that things like lightning (electricity) send out fields of magnetism and he created electromagnetism. When looking at these, gravity is extremely weak compared to the power of electromagnetism. The first problem was protons and neutrons found inside of atoms. Nothing could explain why they were interacting the way they were. Then quantum mechanics said that its only possible to predict possibilities of how things can happen. The laws are completely different in quantum physics than anything else. Each thing that happens has a chance to happen in a certain way, but all of them will happen in a different universe. The next problem was that no one really understands quantum mechanics to a full extent. So far, nothing quantum mechanics has tested has had contraindications to anything else. These included the newer forces, the atoms nuclear superglue force and the weak nuclear force. However, nothing could ever mix quantum mechanics and general relativity, even up to today. Black holes made the next big steps in science. Something so dense like a sun in a tiny space could bend space-time so much that not even light could escape. The conflict here is that general relativity and quantum mechanics can’t both work at the same time here. String theory made its first entrance here. Tiny particles that vibrate in a certain way creates a certain thing. Each string is capable of vibrating in any way to cause anything. It is nearly impossible to even test string theory and can’t be used as science.
We NEED to combine the big and the little. String theorie could be the bridge and be a huge discovery. Large scale is General Relativity, Einstein's idea. The microscopic scale is Quantum Mechanics. The quantum level does not behave with rules, its crazy as compared to General relativities set of concrete rules. String theory is completely new, and haven’t proven it yet. String theory was accidentally found. At the beginning it was not accepted and thought to be stupid. The forces of nature can also be explained by particles, messenger particles create force. This idea is called the Standard Model, it did not include gravity, only the microscopic. The strings in string theories dealt with gravity, the strings are gravitons. Strings explaining gravity at a quantum level it could connect general relativity and quantum mechanics. String theory was free of anomalies, it could unify all 4 forces. The way the strings vibrate decides the properties of matter. No experiment can prove it because its so small. String theory says there has to be other dimensions.
A dark cloud has been looming over science. As time increased so did the universe. When the big bang happened it was much smaller then today. Need to find a way to put the two conflicting ideas together. (the string theory). General relatively is taking care of all the big objects in the universe. Then there is quantum mechanics that are taking care of all the micro objects in the universe. In quantum world there is no sense in time or placement. Trying to combine gravity, nuclear force, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force. Everything in the universe can be explained with one of these four with matter. If you combine these theories into one equation then you can find the equation of the universe. No one could prove that the strings even exist though. Birth of string theory happened when the found the formula for strong force. The electro week and the electromagnetic would have created a super force when the universe was first created. After this discovery they forgot about gravity.Came up with gravitons being able to describe gravity at a electromagnetic size. This would be the key to join the two therums together.They found 496 on both sides meaning it was free of anomiles and that they have proved string theory was real. Which was the theory of everything. The only thing making anything distinguishable is the way the strings are vibrating. The theory is perminatly safe because there is no experiment or observation that could be made to prove them wrong. 3 dimensions up down side to side and time. The theory that there is one more that we just can't see was crazy, The theory of 4th dimension. Led to the idea that there is actually 6 dimensions. Because shape is everything the dimensions are already having a factor on us. If we could shrink down small enough we would see how the dimensions are bent around and cause the strings from string theory vibrate and make up all matters. They came up with 5 theories that worked. Which didn't make sense.
-Einsteins theory of relativity, atoms and subatomic particles play from a separate set of rules called quantum mechanics -when combined they break down -someday string theory may be able to explain all of nature using tiny vibrating strings of energy called things -gravity is just following curves and contours in the fabric, time warp fabric -quantum mechanics can be understood at a very very small size, microscopic realm, a world with a structure that is far less certain, a world so turbulent it defies common sense -gravity is general relativity, quantum mechanics is nuclear, electromagnetic and the strong nuclear force -Einstein spent his life trying to relate the two, unification -not until recently has an experiment been carried out to prove the existence of the string theory -Oilers math equation described the strong force, it was an accident that discovered string theory -the exchange of messenger particles are what we feel as force -strings describe gravity at the quantum level -two scientists in 1984 proved that the theory was free on anomalies -matter to atoms surrounded by electrons to corks to strings -if an atom was blown up to the size of the universe a string would only be the size of a tree -as it cannot be tested it cannot be proven wrong either, does that make it a theory or a philosophy? -demands six extra dimensions if string theory is correct -curled dimensions of string theory they are twisted and curled, if shrunk down we could see how they vibrate
-Understanding of universe is based on two separate theories - relativity and quantum mechanics - Cannot combine both theories as of yet - String Theory may be able to do that - possibly explaining all of nature - Quantum Mechanics - science is no longer predictable, deals with the chance of something happening - cannot pin everything down - laws in Quantum world very different from world today - Difficult to prove strings exist - not testable - Particles can also explain forces - Exchange of messenger particles is what causes us to feel force - If you go back to just after the big bang, scientists believe all of the forces will mesh together - Strings are 100 billion times smaller than atoms - String Theory led to discovery of tiny gravity particles - Anomalies in string theory equations in 1980s - found a match to prove the equation was free of anomalies - Different vibrations of strings give particles certain properties - Extra dimensions of space required for String Theory to exist - There might be one more, tiny, curled-up dimension that we just cannot see - String Theory demands 6 extra dimensions - Extra dimensions of space could be responsible for exactness of nature’s constants - 5 equations for String Theory in 1985
understanding of the universe is based on two entirely different theories. general relativity, for big things, and quantum mechanics for microscopic things
string theory may someday be able to explain everything!!!
we have to "rewrite" the laws of physics because with two conflicting sets of laws, there is chaos in our understanding of physics
general relativity = everything is on a trampoline of spacetime - gravity
quantum mechanics = time and space break apart and ripple - strong/ weak nuclear forces, and electromagnetics
tiny vibrating strands of string inside each small piece of matter
string theory is not observable/testable (????)
string theory was discovered by accident
not published in the first observance of it
ideas of science can be explained by particles - messenger particles - the more they are exchanged, the more the force between objects increases
when heated up to trillions of trillions of degrees, EM S and W forces all meld together - became QM
string theory was overshadowed by the standard model (QM)
early string theory contains tacheon particles, things going faster than light, massless particle, and more than known dimensions
massless particle=graviton, the piece missing from the standard model
equations had too many anomalies in standard model
string theory had NO anomalies
christened "The theory of everything"
if an atom were enlarged to the size of the WHOLE solar system, a string would be the size of an average sized tree
string theory almost calms the jitters of the quantum mechanical level of matter
predicts extra dimensions x, y, z, and time axis - more than 3 spacial dimentions
six more dimensions curled up in unbelievably small, everywhere in space
strings vibrate along the other six dimensions?
all constants of nature determined by the different harmonics of the strings
five versions of string theory, each one a little different
There are multiple dimensions Enstien theory of relativity and quantum mechanics make up string theory The big bang started it all Strands of energy that vibrate are strings Hopes of a single theory The realm of big objects is the universe The universe can bend Quantum mechanics paint images of smaller objects The smaller objects bends in every direction Everything should be explained by string theory Gravity and nuclear forces make up all forces There is a new group of physicist that believes string theory. The birth of string theory is not considered as viable The equation was just passed on until someone found a new strong force. The particle zoo changes everything. The messenger particles would have been unidentifiable And they we mixed into one force Gravity is disclosed by quantum mechanics Early string theory was not perfect. Tacion particles are no physical particles, they are massless particles Connection: in the land of the lost Will Ferrell uses taciaon particles to travel back in time. A graviton admits gravity at the subatomic particle. String theory keep falling short and no one listened. Strings have to unify all four forces. Anomalies kill theories They had the mathematical depth to describe all four forces String theory was title the theory of everything. Different frequency give particles charge The jitter idea of quantum mechanics subsist to be by the strings movement. There are ideas of multiple dimensions Time is the fourth dimension Dimensions can be curled or it can be very long and straight, string theory demands at least six more dimensions according to sting theory shape can produce many different vibrations of strings there are twenty fundamental numbers of numbers of the universe. There were different theories about string theory
he payed ten dollars for a movie that burnt up. and he was all alone:( the elevator he gets in only goes in increments of 10, he presses 10 it is possible to shrink down to atomic size in quantum world, there is no way of knowing exactly where something is. it is also possible to take an elevator whose stops are around the world. scientists have found the holy grail w em s g are the four forces why are we watching a new video instead of finishing the one from friday strings are pool balls string theorists are different than physicists mrs marron says people have proved strings exist now did someone say string cheese? they got real live footage of someone when cameras probably weren't even well developed, its the string theory! people still use chalk boards. get with the technology of smart boards! there are cameras in mailboxes when you don't succeed, the best thing to do is get intoxicated. not really nature has lots of money the host can catch a ball very well the speakers are totally ok with balls flying around their heads gravity is best explained by falling glass they had to show different people all saying it's crazy to get the point across. I don't think all of them were professional. string theory is describing gravity so many scientists have seen the holy grail! why wouldn't he answer the phone? what if it was important! anomoly is when things dont match up mathily the host went to oxford! impressive, overseas learning strings are the smallest particles and make up everything. its how the vibrate differently that makes things look different brain greene is a host as well as a guest speaker michael green, brian greene, what about kelly green? they have real footage from 1919, time travel!! there might be more than three dimensions according the st, there has to be six
String theory has been developed but, can not be proved because it has not been proved through experimental. In fact string theory was written two hundred years ago, and thought to be mathematical curiosity. This equation was actually string theory, however this new revolutionary idea was rejected. In other areas of science they were able to prove that all three of the smaller forces were connected, strong, weak, and electromagnetic. String theory was later able to produce a graviton. This idea was rejected. In 1984 string theory was finalized, and able to prove that all four forces could coexist in one equation. Every object is made of unimaginably small “strings” that vibrate in different ways that give atom their charge and force. String theory requires more than four dimensions, It requires ten, but this cannot be proven because they would be too small to see.
we have two different ideas. Both work well on their own, but together they will not come together. They will break down. quantum mechanics, general relativity. Strands of energy- string theory. Many hope to create one. Space is like a trampoline. The objects will weigh it down (such as planets and stars) then things will be caught in their trap and circle around. In a quantum world, things are crazy, upside down back and forth. There is no understanding of time or place. There could be many places at once. The smooth trampoline is now disordered and messy such as the top of Quandary’s peak Strong nuclear force- guling protons and neutrons electromagnetism- pullings things together Wake nuclear force- radioactive decay Strands of energy (String in atoms) “We accidently found the string theory.” The exchange of electro particles, the messenger, are what pull us together. The electroweak melted together to create one grand super force- but not yet proven. anomalies- mathematical inconsistency massless particles 100 billion times smaller than a atom- graviton string was able to unify all forces object- atoms-corks-string strings would vibrate differently depending on what they were like a proton, neutron, electrons ect.
Space and time becomes jagged with quantum mechanics General relativity=smooth QM=rough Forces could be explained in particles. Strings could describe all forces. The way the strings vibrate decides mass and charge tiny extra dimensions in matter curled up dimensions may change the way strings vibrate
Einsteins theory of general relativity help us understand the bigger things in the universe and the smaller things in the universe like atoms are described by using quantum mechanics. The two have never been successfully combined. Strings seem to be the logical answer to combine the two. General relativity describes the universe like a trampoline that can be be curved or warped by objects like the Earth revolving around the sun. Quantum mechanics is far less certain compared to general relativity. On the microscopic level its a very wild and unpredictable place and doesn’t obey the same ideas that space and time follow. There are string theorists and there are physicists, string theorists and the theory itself is relatively new. People didn’t think the string theory was even close to correct when susskind first discovered it. Now they think that the universe and all the forces of universe can be described using particles of matter. Before the big bang, the EM and the W forces would melt together and create on big particle and even further back all three particles would combine together to become QM. This has yet to be proven yet. These still did not include gravity and the string theory lost all its thunder. String theory had found one of the missing parts of the puzzle with a new gravaton particle but no one seemed to care. Finally in 1984 they found the correct equations that would combine everything together by the string theory. It was now called the theory of everything. The different resonance in these tiny strings that make up the universe is what makes differences in mass, sounds, descriptions, etc. String theory calms the jitters in quantum mechanics. This theory of physics is considered safe because it cannot be proved wrong, it will always be correct. I has also been proposed that there is another dimension created by a bunch of other dimensions that create the world. The only thing that differentiates them is the shape of the dimension. Scientists have found 20 different fundamental numbers or values. If there are five string theories now, what does it seem to actually describe now?
String Theory may be able describe every piece of matter to tiny vibrating strands of energy called strings s theory would need to combine with other theories so they wouldn’t conflict.
Large scale: General Relativity - fabric of space is smooth Small scale: Quantum Mechanics - fabric of space is bumpy and twisted
These two conflict each other; should be explained by just one (possibly string theory)
The string theory started out as an accident, it was deeply doubted and now it has drawn more attention.
Notes -the big bang does not work when thought out backwards -there needs to be one theory that combines the two opposing theories -general relativity: there is a smooth, curved space that suns can morph and create their own gravitational pull -gravity, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetism -Italian physicist in 1968 comes across an old equation that seemed to explain strong nuclear forces and accidentally theorizes string theory -american physicist plays with the equation and realizes the revolutionary idea of string theory -there were too many anomalies in string theory at first -the values matched and this showed that the string theory could unify all the forces of nature -five equations of string theory were theorized
- String theory was discovered by accident. - Is String theory even physics? - Early String theory was rejected in favor of the standard model. - Early String Theory had numerous anomalies until 1984 - String Theory became a "Theory of Everything" that Einstein had been searching for - String theory says even quarks are made of energy strings - Different vibrations of energy strings lead to differences in what is observed such as charge and mass - No experiment/observation can ever be done to prove/disprove String Theory - If string theory is correct, there are more than the dimensions of common experience - There are 5 theories that compose string theory still
Einstein created a theory of everything. He died before he could finish his thoughts and completing his theory. String theory says reality meets science fiction. It could have 11 dimensions and parallel universes right next to our own. The universe is like a grand symphony creating a magical sound. We are picking up where einstein left off for unification. THE MASTER EQUATION. Unification is where it's at. At the age of 26 einstein discovered the velocity of light is constant. Einstein embarked on a ten year mission to find the answer of what will happen to earth when the sun explodes. General relatively is what made Einstein a star. He then set out to bring electric magnetics and the idea of gravity together. Einstein really wanted to know the "mind of God" He wanted to know everything. So therefore he looked for a master equation. Which was gravity and electromagnetism. The electro magnetic force is billions of times stronger then gravity so combining them was very unlikely. Not to far into his beginning of this equation he got very sick. There wasn't a theory of atoms and how they worked. Physicists were lost at the idea. Until the late 1920s when they discovered quantum mechanics. They believed there was no way to predict the universe. Every outcome happens. In parallel universes so no matter what decision you make the opposite will always happen. There is a chance to go through a completely solid object. According to quantum mechanics. Einstein use to say "God doesn't throw dice". No one could understand how to put quantum mechanics and gravity together. Most of Eisntein's colleges said this theory was misguided and impossible. Everything in the universe is made of tiny pieces of energy called strings.
ReplyDelete-the universe is based on two different laws that don’t agree
ReplyDelete-strings are tiny bits of energy resulting in multiple dimensions
-unification: the formulation of a law that describes every idea from a master equation
-Newton came up with gravity: relating heavens to earth
-Newton had no idea how gravity actually worked though he knew the strength of it
-nothing could go faster than the speed of light
-it takes 8 minutes for the suns light to reach the earth
-4d space time warp like a trampoline heavy things make a dent --general relativity
-James Clark Maxwell the relationship between electricity and magnification was direct in unification: 4 mathematical equations that unified electricity and magnification in a single force called electromagnetism
-Einstein was not able to relate gravity and electromagnetism
-everything we can see are atoms that contain negative electrical charge electromagnetism, billions and billions time stronger than gravity
-atoms contained neutrons and protons surrounded by electrons, a group of scientists found this out and Einstein’s unification idea was turned on its head
-quantum mechanics shattered all other theories, the world is a game of chance, uncertainty rules, the best you can do is predict the probability of one outcome or another
-if they were noticeable you would think you lost your mind no direct order only chances of each
-Einstein would say to this, “God would not throw dice” but quantum mechanics does describe how the world works at a subatomic level
-Einstein was never able to relate gravity and electromagnetism and as his colleagues had already disagreed with the idea, no one carried on the project
-black holes originated in 1916
-string theory says everything is related in this energy
This video is about string theory. String theory is the idea that everything in the universe is made out of tiny vibrating strings of energy. Unification is the formulation of one master equation that combines every physics equation into one. This all started from newtons first law about gravity. Einstein rewrote the laws of gravity, as thought space time were one eternity. Gravity is the warping of the space time fabric. This was called general relativity. His next equation was to combine electromagnetism and his new idea of gravity. String theory is one master equation for every scientific laws. Gravity is actually very weak compared to electromagnetism, therefore it was very difficult to connect the two ideas. Quantum machinists was the next theory to describe the universe. This was the idea that the universe is uncertain, everything is based on chance, and nothing is predictable. Gravity did not coexists with quantum mechanics. No one could combine these two ideas, that ment that one of these ideas was wrong. When the two ideas are used at the same time the products don't make sense this doesn't work because the universe makes sense.
ReplyDelete*String theory
ReplyDelete-multiple universes
-11 dimensions
-vibrating strands of energy
-master equation
-unification
-warping of space time causes us to feel gravity
-Electromagnetism is a lot stronger than gravity
-
It has gained a new dimension, it has grown and become more intricate. What today's science is doing is trying to explain the un-explainable. They finished Einsteins equation FOR EVERYTHING. There was 4 chellos instead of just 1. We are trying to put it all together, all the things we know into one super equation. Einsteins and Newtons theories didn't fit together. General Relativity gave a new idea behind gravity and how it worked. Hi Mrs. Marron. Einstein wanted to unify G and EM. Wanted to see the entire picture rather than just a part of it. EM is billions of times stronger than G. Found protons, neutrons, and electrons and didn't know how to make sense of them until they came up with quantum mechanics. Quantum Mechanics said that you can only predict the chance of something occurring. It says that everything can occur and every thing that has a chance occurs somewhere. Quantum physics found Strong nuclear force and also weak nuclear force. Needed to put Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. You have to use both theories for black holes because it is small but heavy. String theory can be the thing to add them together.
ReplyDeleteNotes:
ReplyDelete-the theory to sum up all theories
-everything is connected by strings of energy
-picking up where Einstein left off, to unify all laws of physics in one unified idea
-"unification is where it's at"
-Newton unified earth and space in the theory of gravity
-Newton's equations were all that were needed for plotting the moon landing trip
-Einstein made the first theory of what gravity is
-anything that outruns light is impossible (Newton was wrong)
-Einstein imagined the idea of spacetime
-spacetime theory=objects following the curves of spacetime fabric
-new theory was called general relativity
-Einstein tried then to combine general relativity with electromagnetism
-speed of gravity is the same as the speed of light
-every atom has a shell of a negative charge, so when things collide, they are repelled and that is what makes a collision
-can only predict chance of occurrences, not the definite outcome
-multiverse theory is the same as string theory?
-you could theoretically walk through a wall, but the chance of it is unbelievably small
-strong nuclear force is used in atomic bombs
-weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactivity
-now trying to combine the general relativity with quantum mechanics
-theory of black hole put together with theory of general relativity
-black holes need to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity
-string theory may be the answer to combining these ideas
-Danny Sweet
-Gravity is first force to be understood scientifically
ReplyDelete-Newton had no idea how gravity actually worked - was unknown for 200 years
-Albert Einstein find the velocity of light to be a cosmic speed limit, but did not agree with Newton’s ideas on gravity
- Nothing could outrun light, Newton’s ideas were wrong
- Einstein thought of three dimensions of space, and one dimension of time as one fabric of space - “General Relativity”
- Einstein sought to combine gravity and electromagnetism
- James Clarke Maxwell tried to find connection between electricity and magnetism - electromagnetism
- String Theory - to unify our understanding of everything in one set of master equations
- EM force is billions and billions times stronger than FG
- Bohr and other groups of scientists found new ideas of how tiny bits of matter react in the atom - old theories did not apply
- Scientists developed new theory - Quantum Mechanics
- Einstein's theory demands that universe is predictable
- Best you can do in Quantum Mechanics is predict what the probability of something happening
- Don’t realize how strange things are in quantum world
- Particles can pass through something solid, but probability is so low it just does not happen
- Quantum Mechanics is accurate - unlocks reasons for why atoms behave in the way they do
- Two more forces: Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces
- Role of Quantum Mechanics play no role in Einstein’s later research into master equation
- By time of his death, no search for master equation/unification
- Black hole warps space time fabric - do you use general relativity or quantum mechanics? You cannot avoid using both of them together; you need unification to find answers
Has the essence of physics changed over the last century?
ReplyDelete-String theory: Everything in the universe is made from tiny energy called strings
:VIbrate in a multitude of different ways
:Our goal today for the string theory is to unify our understanding of everything under one master equation
-May have found a way to unite theory of large and small in all places
-Gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear forces, and Quantum mechanics
-Unification: Formulation of a law that describes everything in the universe under one equation
-Force that made apple fall to the ground is the same force that draws the move toward the earth
-Fruit and planets=similar
-Isaac Newton
-Thought we would feel immediate feeling of sun’s destruction (we would leave our solar system/orbit)
-Didn’t know how gravity actually worked though
-Age 26 Einstein figured out that velocity of light is a speed limit that nothing can succeed
-Contradicted Newton’s theory
-Unified fabric (looks like a net) is warped and stretched by heavy objects like planets and this warping creates what we feel is gravity
-Believes that if sun destructed we wouldn’t feel change from the sun until this wave of unified fabric reached us
-New picture of gravity called general relativity
-Electromagnetism: Morse code is an example of it
-James Clark Maxwell: Relationship b/w electricity and magnetism (Compass when there is lighting switches directions)
-Four mathematical equations that unified electricity and magnetism under single force called electromagnetism
-Electromagnetism Atoms that contain an electrical negative charge that repels positive atoms. Sidewalks, with its electromagnetism, can resist the entire earth’s gravity and keep the man from falling through the sidewalk
To achieve a single equation for all of the forces in the world, Einstein believed the relationship and unification of electromagnetism and gravity was necessary
Theories of Einstein and Maxwell useless when trying to explain the tiny particles moving around inside the atom
Late 1920s, scientist discovered Quantum Mechanics
Neal Spore?
Everything ruled by chance; particular probability
Suggests that each of the possibilities may actually happen but that are parallel to our universe (Making orange juice)
The impossible can happen (Particles can pass through walls or barriers) but probability is so small, especially for humans
Never a prediction of it that contradicted observation
Discovered 2 new forces
Strong/Weak nuclear force
Where does gravity fit in? All three other forces fit in except for the force of gravity
Einstein 1933 fled Nazi, Germany for Princeton, New Jersey
At his death, no many physicists interested in quest for unification of gravity, nuclear forces, Quantum mechanics, and electromagnetism
Karl Schwarzschild
Proposed the idea of what we call black holes
Concentration of a very dense mass (ie black hole) will effect solar system so severely that not even light could resist its power
Today, his theory now seems to be reality
string theory is accepted by some but not all.
ReplyDeletevolks waggon sponsors this movie
brian greene studied at columbia
Einstein made the theory of everything but died before he finished.
combine all the equations to create one theory
we may be living in a reality where we meet scifi
twelve different demensions all parallel to each other
everything of the universe is made from strings, vibrating things of energy
can't teach physics to a dog
unification would be one master equation because they all seem to focus on one idea
unification is where it's at
unification started with newton and his laws of gravity.
newton unified celestial and terrestrial
newton had dark secrets
einstein concluded what gravity was
v of light is a high speed that nothing can surpass it.not even gravity
newton thought that gravity was instantaneous
einstein concluded that it is not ^^^^
einstein made the space time with three ds of time and one d of space
space time creates what we feel as gravity. the earth follows curves created bt the space time fabric
the ripples travel at the speed of light
gravity is warps and curves in the space time fabric
electricity and magnitism are closely related.
since a compass is magnetic, it does funky things during a lightning storm
everything can be written in four equations
einstein wanted to combine theory of gravity with electro magnitism to create master equation. this drives the string theory
electro magnitism is made of atoms and the outer shell is negitive. when two things collide, the negitive charges repell and keep you from falling to the center
EM force is stronger than g
bohr and others created the theory that the nuclius of atoms is smaller and what holds them all together.
g and em were inefficient to solve this answer^^^^
quantum mechanics described microsopic phenomina
in qm, it depends on predictability, nothing was set in stone like einstein said
other outcomes might not happen in out universe but it might happen in parallel ones
the probability of walking through a wall is slim but there is a chance!
quantum mechanics is for looking at things on an atomic level
g, em, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force
the nuclear bomb is released when taking apart the strong and weak forces
g doesn't coexist with em s and w. g is too different
is gravity is supposed to apply everywhere and qm applies everywhere, there cant be two everywheres,
schwartzsheild made theory for black holes
must use g bc its heavy but must use qm bc its small but still they get fuzzy when combined
different ways the strings wiggle or different notes mean a different particle
string theory is supposed to unify things
strings are so small, you cant ever see one.
Notes
ReplyDelete-Einstein worked for his last two decades trying to come up with an equation, later to be thought of as string theory
-string theory: everything in the universe is made up of small strings
-can't teach physics to a dog
-on quest for unification (law that combines everything in the universe with one equation)
-unification is where it's at
-unification began with newton, when he saw an apple fall from a tree: unified heavens and earth with the concept of gravity
-Einstein thought about light and figured out gravity and that light is the fastest thing ever
-newton thought planets would fly out of orbit if sun exploded
-einstein said no cause light is faster than gravity
-einstein proved his theory and became an international superstar
-electricity and magnetism are related
-maxwell wished to prove this with the power of math
-thus creating electromagnetism
-goal of string theory: to unify our understanding of everything in the universe
-gravity is weaker than electromagnetism - difficult to link them together
-everything is made of atoms surrounded by negative electric charge
-scientists in 1920's overshadowed einstein by discovering what was inside the atom
-they then theorized quantum mechanics: the world is a game of chance, everything is uncertain
-the strange and bizarre are typical in quantum
-einstein resisted this theory
-scientists discovered strong and weak nuclear force
-quantum physics cannot connect with gravity
-black holes proposed by soldier in WW1
-string theory may be the unity of all the forces
-strings are so tiny they may not ever be able to be seen
string theory says everything is made of small rings of energy called strings
ReplyDeleteunification is the formulation of every law into one master equation
the velo of light is a cosmic speed limit that nothing can exceed
Newton though gravity was instantaneous
Einstein disagreed and knew it wasn't instantaneous
earth follows curves in spacial fabric
general relativity is the name given to this phenomenon
electromagnetism discovered and unified by Maxwell
Einstein wanted to unify gravity and electromagnetic equation
atoms make up electromagnetism
electromagnetism is much stronger than gravity
quantum mechanics suggest there is a specific probability that something may or may not happen
1930s nuclear force was discover (strong and weak)
gravity cannot be defined in quantum mechanics
no way to combine general relativity and quantum physics
Schwartziel proposed idea of black hole when a large mass in a confined area creates huge gravitational suction that not even light can escape
strings are so small there is no hope of seeing nor testing one
-String theory: 11 parallel universes each made up of various strings
ReplyDelete-Unification is the formulation of a law that acts as one master equation of everything the universe is made up of. It is what modern physics is trying to achieve
-Gravity unified the celestial and the terrestrial. It was the first force to be discovered scientifically
-Einstein pointed out the flaws in Newton's idea of gravity. He said it was warps and curves in the makeup of space and time. He called this general relativity
-Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism in four simple equations.
-Einstein wanted to unify the law of gravity with electromagnetism
-The electromagnetic force is billions of times greater than the force of gravity
-gravity and electromagnetism were insufficient in explaining how the particles inside an atom work. Quantum mechanics explained this phenomenon
-Quantum mechanics, and the world it suggested went completely against what we new about our universe. The world of quantum mechanics says there is no certainty, that with everything there is simply a chance that something with happen.
-to understand quantum mechanics you need to completely give up the understanding you think you have of the world
-Unlike common belief, in the 1930s it was discovered that gravity and electromagnetism were not the only forces
-Einstein's law of gravity does not fit with the other laws of quantum mechanics
-When Einstein died, in the years to follow, physics split into two different categories, one being quantum mechanics and the other general relativity
-can't test string theory because strings are too small to ever see. If you cannot prove it the way other scientific discoveries have been proven, then it is not science, its theory.
Notes:
ReplyDelete- Einstein spent his final years working on the "Theory of Everything" = combining all laws into one theory
- String theory says we may live in a universe with 11 dimension and have parallel universes
-String theory = subatomic tiny strings of energy make up everything
- YOU CANT TEACH PHYSICS TO A DOG
- Unification could join all laws and equations to a single equation
- Physics is breaking down greater concepts into simpler and simpler laws and patterns
- Newton didn't know how gravity actually worked
- Einstein said C was a cosmic speed limit
- "If Newton is wrong, why do the planets stay up?"
- 4 Dimension = space time fabric
- Gravity = warped curves of space time fabric
- Electricity and Magnetism are connected
- Einstein really wants to know the mind of God (the entire picture) - that's why he wanted unification of gravity and electromagnetism
- Because gravity and light move at the same speed, unification seemed natural
- Electromagnetism is stronger than gravity
- Bohr and his group of scientists discovered the atom was made of subatomic particles
- Bohr believed that the world can't be certified or predicted, only the chance; Einstein's theories made the world orderly and predictable
- Quantum world is a crazy world
- Chances all occur - ones that we don't see happen in alternate universes
- 2 new quantum forces: Strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force
- Nuclear bombs are the destruction of strong nuclear force bonds
- Radiation is weak nuclear force
- Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity are nearly impossible to combine
- Swartzschield theorized the black hole - do you use quantum mechanics or general relativity?
IS String theory philosophy or physics?
Notes:
ReplyDelete-Einstein had a goal of unification (String Theory)
-String theory says we live in a reality that meets science fictions (parallel universe) *tiny strands of energy*
-You can't teach physics to a dog
-Unification: can explain the universe using one equation
-Newton unified heaven and earth
-Einstein actually figured out how gravity works
-Einstein proves Newton wrong
-it takes 8 minutes for the sun's rays to get to Earth
-three dimensions of space and one dimension of time equals SPACE TIME
-warped curves feel like gravity
-new picture of gravity: now called general relativity
-electricity and magnetism demanded unification (the result was electromagnetism)
-Maxwell was closer to cracking the code to the universe
-Maxwell found 4 equations to explain all of electromagnetism
-Einstein wants to combine gravity and electromagnetism to get ONE big equation that explains all
-Einstein was slowly left in the dust, because people started thinking about physics differently
-The discovery of the nucleus inside an atom challenged the validity of Maxwell's thinking
-Quantum Mechanics: radical enough to change all of the thinking about physics that were previously accepted
-Bohr said it was a game of chance
-The laws in the quantum world are much different than the laws in the world we live in
-In the quantum cafe, there are no definite outcomes
-In the quantum world, they walk through walls
-Einstein believes the universe operates in a predictable way
-Quantum mechanics explains how things work at a subatomic level
-Gravity and electromagnetism aren't the only forces present in the universe
-By breaking the protons and neutrons bonds, an atomic explosion will occur
-when Einstein died, it seemed the quest for unification between relativity and electromagnetism also died
-Quantum mechanics and general relativity seemed nearly impossible to combine
-To talk about black holes, you have to use both theories, and you get a nonsensical result, which is incorrect
-tiny, vibrating strands of energy make up different particles which is how all of the theories connect
-string theory controversial
ReplyDelete-all things made from very small strings of energy
-eintsteins theory callanges newton
-says speed of gravity cant be faster then light-
-einstain fins how to explain gravity
-says gravity is same speed as light
-maxwell unites electric and magnetism to electro-magnetism
-end goal is to make master equation
-gravity is billions of times weaker than electromagnetism
-weak nuclear responsible for radiation
-em, sn, wn, g
-
Notes:
ReplyDeleteThere's the possibility that there are multiple dimensions in the universe.
String Theory isn't fully accepted yet.
Einstein was trying to create a theory where all the different equations were combined in order to explain the mechanics of all physics, or the theory of everything.
Reality meets science fiction.
12 dimensions.
Everything is "vibrating energy" like a string.
Unification: the combination of all equations and theories into one idea.
Can't teach physics to a dog.
Newton thought gravity was instantaneous, but Einstein proved this wrong.
Space time creates "gravity" when the Earth follows curves created by the space time fabric. This was known as the theory of relativity.
Everything can be explained in 4 equations.
Velocity of light is as fast as anything can go in the universe.
Einstein wasn't satisfied though: He wanted to combine Electromagnetism and Gravity into one theory. This idea drives String Theory.
Nucleus is smaller, but EM holds cells together.
EM is MUCH stronger than gravity.
Neither gravity nor EM by themselves can explain this theory.
Quantum mechanics go even deeper, examining very microscopic events on molecular and subatomic levels.
Quantum mechanics completely relies on probability, nothing is certain. Multiple things might be happening in multiple dimensions.
Einstein didn't agree at all with QM.
G and EM aren't the only forces in the universe. There's also strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.
Schwartzshield made a theory about black holes. Both gravity and quantum mechanics have to coexist in black holes, so we know that they work together in some form.
Different particles are made by the different ways the strings vibrate. If proven right, string theory will unify everything.
-Sting theory has 11 demensions
ReplyDelete-They are trying to find a master equation
-Einstein proved Newton wrong
-Nothing can travel faster than light
-Einstein died when trying to find master equation
-The goal of string theory is to find the master equation
-EM force is greater than Gravity
-There is a possibility that anything can happen
-Einstein didn't like quantum mechanics
-There are strong and weak forces along with Gravity and EM
-Black holes have to combine all of the forces
-Black holes absore light
-light cant escape black holes
String Theory
ReplyDelete- Parallel Universes
- 11 dimensions
Everything made comes from one unit called strings that vibrate in different ways (unification). Different theories keep leading to the same place that makes it seem like one universal theory makes sense.
It started with Newton making his theory of gravity as the first known force, which lead to 3 more forces known in the universe. Einstein started working with light that lead to the piece that Newton did not have (how it works). It was Einstein saying that nothing moves faster than light that proved Newton wrong. Then he came up with is space-time theory. Gravity waves travels at the speed of light, so if the sun disappeared, we wouldn’t know for about 8 minutes.
Einstein’s next step was magnetism.Another scientist, Maxwell before Einstein came up with electricity and magnetism working together. He found that things like lightning (electricity) send out fields of magnetism and he created electromagnetism. When looking at these, gravity is extremely weak compared to the power of electromagnetism.
The first problem was protons and neutrons found inside of atoms. Nothing could explain why they were interacting the way they were. Then quantum mechanics said that its only possible to predict possibilities of how things can happen. The laws are completely different in quantum physics than anything else. Each thing that happens has a chance to happen in a certain way, but all of them will happen in a different universe. The next problem was that no one really understands quantum mechanics to a full extent.
So far, nothing quantum mechanics has tested has had contraindications to anything else. These included the newer forces, the atoms nuclear superglue force and the weak nuclear force. However, nothing could ever mix quantum mechanics and general relativity, even up to today.
Black holes made the next big steps in science. Something so dense like a sun in a tiny space could bend space-time so much that not even light could escape. The conflict here is that general relativity and quantum mechanics can’t both work at the same time here. String theory made its first entrance here. Tiny particles that vibrate in a certain way creates a certain thing. Each string is capable of vibrating in any way to cause anything. It is nearly impossible to even test string theory and can’t be used as science.
We NEED to combine the big and the little. String theorie could be the bridge and be a huge discovery. Large scale is General Relativity, Einstein's idea. The microscopic scale is Quantum Mechanics. The quantum level does not behave with rules, its crazy as compared to General relativities set of concrete rules. String theory is completely new, and haven’t proven it yet. String theory was accidentally found. At the beginning it was not accepted and thought to be stupid. The forces of nature can also be explained by particles, messenger particles create force. This idea is called the Standard Model, it did not include gravity, only the microscopic. The strings in string theories dealt with gravity, the strings are gravitons. Strings explaining gravity at a quantum level it could connect general relativity and quantum mechanics. String theory was free of anomalies, it could unify all 4 forces. The way the strings vibrate decides the properties of matter. No experiment can prove it because its so small. String theory says there has to be other dimensions.
ReplyDeleteA dark cloud has been looming over science. As time increased so did the universe. When the big bang happened it was much smaller then today. Need to find a way to put the two conflicting ideas together. (the string theory). General relatively is taking care of all the big objects in the universe. Then there is quantum mechanics that are taking care of all the micro objects in the universe. In quantum world there is no sense in time or placement. Trying to combine gravity, nuclear force, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force. Everything in the universe can be explained with one of these four with matter. If you combine these theories into one equation then you can find the equation of the universe. No one could prove that the strings even exist though. Birth of string theory happened when the found the formula for strong force. The electro week and the electromagnetic would have created a super force when the universe was first created. After this discovery they forgot about gravity.Came up with gravitons being able to describe gravity at a electromagnetic size. This would be the key to join the two therums together.They found 496 on both sides meaning it was free of anomiles and that they have proved string theory was real. Which was the theory of everything. The only thing making anything distinguishable is the way the strings are vibrating. The theory is perminatly safe because there is no experiment or observation that could be made to prove them wrong. 3 dimensions up down side to side and time. The theory that there is one more that we just can't see was crazy, The theory of 4th dimension. Led to the idea that there is actually 6 dimensions. Because shape is everything the dimensions are already having a factor on us. If we could shrink down small enough we would see how the dimensions are bent around and cause the strings from string theory vibrate and make up all matters. They came up with 5 theories that worked. Which didn't make sense.
ReplyDelete-Einsteins theory of relativity, atoms and subatomic particles play from a separate set of rules called quantum mechanics
ReplyDelete-when combined they break down
-someday string theory may be able to explain all of nature using tiny vibrating strings of energy called things
-gravity is just following curves and contours in the fabric, time warp fabric
-quantum mechanics can be understood at a very very small size, microscopic realm, a world with a structure that is far less certain, a world so turbulent it defies common sense
-gravity is general relativity, quantum mechanics is nuclear, electromagnetic and the strong nuclear force
-Einstein spent his life trying to relate the two, unification
-not until recently has an experiment been carried out to prove the existence of the string theory
-Oilers math equation described the strong force, it was an accident that discovered string theory
-the exchange of messenger particles are what we feel as force
-strings describe gravity at the quantum level
-two scientists in 1984 proved that the theory was free on anomalies
-matter to atoms surrounded by electrons to corks to strings
-if an atom was blown up to the size of the universe a string would only be the size of a tree
-as it cannot be tested it cannot be proven wrong either, does that make it a theory or a philosophy?
-demands six extra dimensions if string theory is correct
-curled dimensions of string theory they are twisted and curled, if shrunk down we could see how they vibrate
-Understanding of universe is based on two separate theories - relativity and quantum mechanics
ReplyDelete- Cannot combine both theories as of yet
- String Theory may be able to do that - possibly explaining all of nature
- Quantum Mechanics - science is no longer predictable, deals with the chance of something happening - cannot pin everything down - laws in Quantum world very different from world today
- Difficult to prove strings exist - not testable
- Particles can also explain forces
- Exchange of messenger particles is what causes us to feel force
- If you go back to just after the big bang, scientists believe all of the forces will mesh together
- Strings are 100 billion times smaller than atoms - String Theory led to discovery of tiny gravity particles
- Anomalies in string theory equations in 1980s - found a match to prove the equation was free of anomalies
- Different vibrations of strings give particles certain properties
- Extra dimensions of space required for String Theory to exist
- There might be one more, tiny, curled-up dimension that we just cannot see
- String Theory demands 6 extra dimensions
- Extra dimensions of space could be responsible for exactness of nature’s constants
- 5 equations for String Theory in 1985
Notes Day Two:
ReplyDeleteunderstanding of the universe is based on two entirely different theories. general relativity, for big things, and quantum mechanics for microscopic things
string theory may someday be able to explain everything!!!
we have to "rewrite" the laws of physics because with two conflicting sets of laws, there is chaos in our understanding of physics
general relativity = everything is on a trampoline of spacetime - gravity
quantum mechanics = time and space break apart and ripple - strong/ weak nuclear forces, and electromagnetics
tiny vibrating strands of string inside each small piece of matter
string theory is not observable/testable (????)
string theory was discovered by accident
not published in the first observance of it
ideas of science can be explained by particles - messenger particles - the more they are exchanged, the more the force between objects increases
when heated up to trillions of trillions of degrees, EM S and W forces all meld together - became QM
string theory was overshadowed by the standard model (QM)
early string theory contains tacheon particles, things going faster than light, massless particle, and more than known dimensions
massless particle=graviton, the piece missing from the standard model
equations had too many anomalies in standard model
string theory had NO anomalies
christened "The theory of everything"
if an atom were enlarged to the size of the WHOLE solar system, a string would be the size of an average sized tree
string theory almost calms the jitters of the quantum mechanical level of matter
predicts extra dimensions x, y, z, and time axis - more than 3 spacial dimentions
six more dimensions curled up in unbelievably small, everywhere in space
strings vibrate along the other six dimensions?
all constants of nature determined by the different harmonics of the strings
five versions of string theory, each one a little different
There are multiple dimensions
ReplyDeleteEnstien theory of relativity and quantum mechanics make up string theory
The big bang started it all
Strands of energy that vibrate are strings
Hopes of a single theory
The realm of big objects is the universe
The universe can bend
Quantum mechanics paint images of smaller objects
The smaller objects bends in every direction
Everything should be explained by string theory
Gravity and nuclear forces make up all forces
There is a new group of physicist that believes string theory.
The birth of string theory is not considered as viable
The equation was just passed on until someone found a new strong force.
The particle zoo changes everything.
The messenger particles would have been unidentifiable
And they we mixed into one force
Gravity is disclosed by quantum mechanics
Early string theory was not perfect.
Tacion particles are no physical particles, they are massless particles
Connection: in the land of the lost Will Ferrell uses taciaon particles to travel back in time.
A graviton admits gravity at the subatomic particle.
String theory keep falling short and no one listened.
Strings have to unify all four forces.
Anomalies kill theories
They had the mathematical depth to describe all four forces
String theory was title the theory of everything.
Different frequency give particles charge
The jitter idea of quantum mechanics subsist to be by the strings movement.
There are ideas of multiple dimensions
Time is the fourth dimension
Dimensions can be curled or it can be very long and straight,
string theory demands at least six more dimensions
according to sting theory shape can produce many different vibrations of strings
there are twenty fundamental numbers of numbers of the universe.
There were different theories about string theory
he payed ten dollars for a movie that burnt up. and he was all alone:(
ReplyDeletethe elevator he gets in only goes in increments of 10, he presses 10
it is possible to shrink down to atomic size
in quantum world, there is no way of knowing exactly where something is.
it is also possible to take an elevator whose stops are around the world.
scientists have found the holy grail
w em s g are the four forces
why are we watching a new video instead of finishing the one from friday
strings are pool balls
string theorists are different than physicists
mrs marron says people have proved strings exist now
did someone say string cheese?
they got real live footage of someone when cameras probably weren't even well developed, its the string theory!
people still use chalk boards. get with the technology of smart boards!
there are cameras in mailboxes
when you don't succeed, the best thing to do is get intoxicated. not really
nature has lots of money
the host can catch a ball very well
the speakers are totally ok with balls flying around their heads
gravity is best explained by falling glass
they had to show different people all saying it's crazy to get the point across. I don't think all of them were professional.
string theory is describing gravity
so many scientists have seen the holy grail!
why wouldn't he answer the phone? what if it was important!
anomoly is when things dont match up mathily
the host went to oxford! impressive, overseas learning
strings are the smallest particles and make up everything. its how the vibrate differently that makes things look different
brain greene is a host as well as a guest speaker
michael green, brian greene, what about kelly green?
they have real footage from 1919, time travel!!
there might be more than three dimensions
according the st, there has to be six
String theory has been developed but, can not be proved because it has not been proved through experimental. In fact string theory was written two hundred years ago, and thought to be mathematical curiosity. This equation was actually string theory, however this new revolutionary idea was rejected. In other areas of science they were able to prove that all three of the smaller forces were connected, strong, weak, and electromagnetic. String theory was later able to produce a graviton. This idea was rejected. In 1984 string theory was finalized, and able to prove that all four forces could coexist in one equation. Every object is made of unimaginably small “strings” that vibrate in different ways that give atom their charge and force. String theory requires more than four dimensions, It requires ten, but this cannot be proven because they would be too small to see.
ReplyDeletewe have two different ideas. Both work well on their own, but together they will not come together. They will break down. quantum mechanics, general relativity.
ReplyDeleteStrands of energy- string theory. Many hope to create one.
Space is like a trampoline. The objects will weigh it down (such as planets and stars) then things will be caught in their trap and circle around. In a quantum world, things are crazy, upside down back and forth. There is no understanding of time or place. There could be many places at once. The smooth trampoline is now disordered and messy such as the top of Quandary’s peak
Strong nuclear force- guling protons and neutrons
electromagnetism- pullings things together
Wake nuclear force- radioactive decay
Strands of energy (String in atoms)
“We accidently found the string theory.”
The exchange of electro particles, the messenger, are what pull us together.
The electroweak melted together to create one grand super force- but not yet proven.
anomalies- mathematical inconsistency
massless particles 100 billion times smaller than a atom- graviton
string was able to unify all forces
object- atoms-corks-string
strings would vibrate differently depending on what they were like a proton, neutron, electrons ect.
Space and time becomes jagged with quantum mechanics
ReplyDeleteGeneral relativity=smooth
QM=rough
Forces could be explained in particles.
Strings could describe all forces.
The way the strings vibrate decides mass and charge
tiny extra dimensions in matter
curled up dimensions may change the way strings vibrate
Einsteins theory of general relativity help us understand the bigger things in the universe and the smaller things in the universe like atoms are described by using quantum mechanics. The two have never been successfully combined. Strings seem to be the logical answer to combine the two. General relativity describes the universe like a trampoline that can be be curved or warped by objects like the Earth revolving around the sun. Quantum mechanics is far less certain compared to general relativity. On the microscopic level its a very wild and unpredictable place and doesn’t obey the same ideas that space and time follow. There are string theorists and there are physicists, string theorists and the theory itself is relatively new. People didn’t think the string theory was even close to correct when susskind first discovered it. Now they think that the universe and all the forces of universe can be described using particles of matter. Before the big bang, the EM and the W forces would melt together and create on big particle and even further back all three particles would combine together to become QM. This has yet to be proven yet. These still did not include gravity and the string theory lost all its thunder. String theory had found one of the missing parts of the puzzle with a new gravaton particle but no one seemed to care. Finally in 1984 they found the correct equations that would combine everything together by the string theory. It was now called the theory of everything. The different resonance in these tiny strings that make up the universe is what makes differences in mass, sounds, descriptions, etc. String theory calms the jitters in quantum mechanics. This theory of physics is considered safe because it cannot be proved wrong, it will always be correct. I has also been proposed that there is another dimension created by a bunch of other dimensions that create the world. The only thing that differentiates them is the shape of the dimension. Scientists have found 20 different fundamental numbers or values. If there are five string theories now, what does it seem to actually describe now?
ReplyDeletePhysics Notes:
ReplyDeleteString Theory may be able describe every piece of matter to tiny vibrating strands of energy called strings s theory would need to combine with other theories so they wouldn’t conflict.
Large scale: General Relativity - fabric of space is smooth
Small scale: Quantum Mechanics - fabric of space is bumpy and twisted
These two conflict each other; should be explained by just one (possibly string theory)
The string theory started out as an accident, it was deeply doubted and now it has drawn more attention.
Notes
ReplyDelete-the big bang does not work when thought out backwards
-there needs to be one theory that combines the two opposing theories
-general relativity: there is a smooth, curved space that suns can morph and create their own gravitational pull
-gravity, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetism
-Italian physicist in 1968 comes across an old equation that seemed to explain strong nuclear forces and accidentally theorizes string theory
-american physicist plays with the equation and realizes the revolutionary idea of string theory
-there were too many anomalies in string theory at first
-the values matched and this showed that the string theory could unify all the forces of nature
-five equations of string theory were theorized
- String theory was discovered by accident.
ReplyDelete- Is String theory even physics?
- Early String theory was rejected in favor of the standard model.
- Early String Theory had numerous anomalies until 1984
- String Theory became a "Theory of Everything" that Einstein had been searching for
- String theory says even quarks are made of energy strings
- Different vibrations of energy strings lead to differences in what is observed such as charge and mass
- No experiment/observation can ever be done to prove/disprove String Theory
- If string theory is correct, there are more than the dimensions of common experience
- There are 5 theories that compose string theory still